Bagum v Hafiz & Anor [2015] EWCA Civ 801

Bagum v Hafiz is an important new case to add to the TOLATA library. In it the Court of Appeal, for the first time, deals with the question of the court's powers consequent upon an order for sale. It had been thought that, as the court is merely exercising the power of trustees of land who cannot agree, the power was limited to ordering sale and allowing the market to find the best price, which would serve the best interests of all beneficiaries.

But what if one beneficiary does not want to leave the trust property and would like an opportunity to purchase the other out? It has long been understood, and confirmed by Bagum, that the court does not have the power to transfer equity from one beneficiary to another upon the payment of a court determined price.

However, on the facts of Bagum (note in particular the very good comparable evidence on market value) the Court of Appeal held that, although unusual, it was within the first instance judge's discretion under TOLATA ss 14 and 15 to make an order for sale, giving one beneficiary the first opportunity to purchase the other's share at market value. In the event that this was not paid within a set period of time, the property would go to the open market.

It is common in TOLATA cases for each party to wish to stay in the property and to buy the other out. Bagum does not invoke some kind of quasi matrimonial power of transfer. In many cases the court may still need to order a market sale to do justice to all beneficiaries. However, in some cases, particularly where there is good market evidence of value and one party is being less than straightforward about their stated desire to purchase (and thereby damaging the interests of each beneficiary in the process) this case marks an important point about what the court can order under TOLATA.

[The judicially approved judgment and accompanying headnote has now published in Family Law Reports [2016] 2 FLR 337]

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Neutral Citation Number: [2015] EWCA Civ 801
Case No: B2/2014/3155

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL (CIVIL DIVISION)
ON APPEAL FROM CENTRAL LONDON COUNTY COURT
HER HONOUR JUDGE MAY QCA10CL365

Royal Courts of Justice
Strand
London
WC2A 2LL

Date: 22/07/2015



Judgment

Lord Justice Briggs :

Introduction

[1] This appeal and cross-appeal against the Order of HHJ May QC made in the Central London County Court on 9th September 2014 raises (so we were told by counsel) for the first time in this Court questions as to the discretionary power of the court to make orders under section 14 of the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (“TOLATA”), in relation to land in co-ownership held on a “trust of land” within the meaning of section 1 of that Act. It replaces the jurisdiction formerly exercised in relation to land held upon trust for sale under section 30 of the Law of Property Act 1925.

[2] By way of summary, the land in question (“the Property”) is a four-bedroomed house in Islington, owned as tenants in common in three equal shares by the claimant, Mrs. Bagum, and her two sons, the defendants Mr. Hafiz and Mr. Hai. A dispute arose between them as to the use, enjoyment or disposal of the Property, and Mrs. Bagum sought an order for the purchase by Mr. Hafiz of Mr. Hai’s one-third beneficial interest in the Property. At the trial of a preliminary issue, the Judge concluded that she had no jurisdiction to make such an order, but that she both could and should make an order directing the trustees to sell the Property, upon terms that Mr. Hafiz should first have the opportunity to buy it for a price determined upon valuation evidence by the court, failing which (within six weeks of that determination) the Property should be sold on the open market, with liberty for all the beneficial owners to bid.

[3] By his appeal, Mr. Hai asserts first, that the Judge had no jurisdiction to make such an order and secondly, if she did, that it was not a proper exercise of her jurisdiction under TOLATA. By her Respondent’s Notice (supported by Mr. Hafiz), Mrs. Bagum submits that the Judge did have jurisdiction to make the order which she had originally sought, namely the purchase by Mr. Hafiz of the beneficial interest of Mr. Hai. A further ground of Mr Hai’s appeal, that the Order conflicted with an agreement for an open market sale already made between the parties, was not pursued.

Opinion

[4] For the reasons which follow, I consider that the Judge was correct in her decision as o the ambit of her jurisdiction under TOLATA, and that her exercise of the wide discretion conferred by sections 14 and 15 of that Act, in making what may well be regarded as an unusual order, cannot be challenged by way of appeal. If my Lords agree, this appeal and cross-appeal should therefore both be dismissed.

The facts

[5] There being no challenge to the Judge’s findings of fact, I can take the summary which follows, with gratitude, from her concise ex tempore judgment.

[6] Mrs. Bagum’s late husband purchased the Property, in Copenhagen Street, Islington, as a right-to-buy tenant in 2003, two years before his death intestate. Those family members with an interest in his intestate estate gave up their interests to Mrs. Bagum, so that she became the sole registered owner of the Property. Both she, her three sons, and one of her daughters continued to live at the Property, to the purchase of which her two eldest sons, Mr. Hafiz and Mr. Hai, had made financial contributions. They both married and started families of their own. The increasingly crowded conditions in the house led to tensions, in particular between the two wives, which eventually led to Mr. and Mrs. Hai leaving to find separate rented property of their own. It has always been sensible common ground that the issues with which this appeal is concerned do not call for any apportionment of blame for that unfortunate division within the family.

[7] Shortly before he left, Mr. Hai sought to protect his investment in the Property (which by then included his original contribution to its purchase and contribution to mortgage payments thereafter) by securing his mother’s and brother’s agreement to the making of a declaration of trust, by which they declared themselves to be trustees of the Property for the three of them in equal shares. It is the trust of land created by that document to which the invocation of the TOLATA jurisdiction relates.

[8] I will let the Judge continue the story:


[9] Paragraph 9 of Mrs. Bagum’s Particulars of Claim asserted that, in the light of the family division which I have described, she wished i) to sell the Property or ii) for Mr. Hai to sell his interest in the Property to Mr. Hafiz. She asserted that Mr. Hai had demonstrated a reluctance to co-operate with any sale or transfer of the Property to herself, to Mr. Hafiz or to a third party. By his Defence, at paragraph 3, Mr. Hai had pleaded:“As to Paragraph 9, the Second Defendant (i.e. Mr. Hai) agrees that the Property should be sold.”He denied that he had been uncooperative to date.

[10] At a case management hearing before HHJ Hornby, directions were given for valuation evidence by separate experts, with further provision for the appointment of a Single Joint Expert if the parties’ experts could not agree.

[11] After an attempt by Mr. Hai to strike out his mother’s claim was withdrawn, HHJ Dight gave directions on 18th July 2014 for the trial, as a preliminary issue, of Mrs. Bagum’s claim for an order that Mr. Hai sell and transfer his interest in the Property to Mr. Hafiz. The order recited as follows:


[12] As I have said, the Judge decided that she had no jurisdiction to make the order primarily sought by Mrs. Bagum for the acquisition of Mr. Hai’s interest in the property by Mr. Hafiz. But nonetheless she ordered as follows:


She then gave directions for a trial at which the price at which Mr. Hafiz should have the opportunity to purchase the Property from Mr. Hai should be determined, as one of a number of issues, the remainder of which do not matter for present purposes.

TOLATA

[13] TOLATA is described in its preamble as: “an Act to make new provision about trusts of land including… amending the law about trusts for sale of land; …”For present purposes, its relevant provisions are as follows. Section 6, headed General Powers of Trustees, provides:


[14] Section 7, headed Partition by Trustees, enables trustees of land to partition the land between beneficiaries of full age absolutely entitled in undivided shares to land subject to the trust, and provides for the payment of any necessary equality money. But sub-section (3) requires that this power may only be exercised with the consent of the beneficiaries.

[15] Section 14, headed Applications for Order, provides as follows:



[16] Section 15, headed Matters Relevant in Determining Applications, provides as follows:



Sub-section (3) provides, save for irrelevant exceptions, that the matters to which the court is to have regard:


Discussion

[17] The first question, raised by Mrs. Bagum’s cross-appeal, is whether the court has power under section 14 of TOLATA to order or direct that one beneficiary under a trust of land sell or transfer their beneficial interest to another beneficiary. In agreement with the Judge, and with the dicta of Mr. Thomas Ivory QC in Rahnema v Rahbari & anr (unrep) 26th February 2008, I consider that the court has no such power. Section 14(2), which confers the relevant power, provides only that: “The court may make any such order - … relating to the exercise by the trustees of any of their functions… as the court thinks fit.”It is, in my judgment, no part of the functions of trustees of land to deal with or dispose of beneficial interests under the trust, whether by sale or otherwise, at least not directly. Of course, the exercise of the trustees’ undoubted power to sell the land may have the effect of turning a beneficiary’s interest into money, because the beneficial interest is overreached upon the sale. The same may be said about the power to partition in the sense that part of the interest of a particular beneficiary in the land may be taken in exchange for equality money and, in effect, be transferred to another beneficiary under the trust. Furthermore, it is clear from the ability of the court under section 14(2)(a) to relieve trustees of an obligation to obtain the consent of any person (including for that purpose a beneficiary) that the court would itself have power under section 14 to give directions for a partition without the requirement imposed upon the trustees by section 7(3) to obtain beneficiary consent.

[18] But the functions of the trustees in relation to sale and partition do not cease to be relevant functions for the purposes of section 14(2)(a) merely because the exercise of them may convert the interest of beneficiaries into money without their consent. By contrast, the direct disposal of a beneficiary’s interest, whether upon sale to another beneficiary or otherwise is, quite simply, not a function of trustees of land.

[19] The next question, raised by Mr. Hai’s appeal, is whether the court has the power under section 14 to direct trustees of land to sell the trust property to particular beneficiaries, without the consent of the beneficiary or beneficiaries to whom the land is not being sold. Mr. Woodhouse, counsel for Mr. Hai, submitted that the court had no such power, for the following reasons:


[20] As to the first, I acknowledge that, save perhaps for certain tax consequences, a sale by trustees of the trust property to beneficiaries A and B has much the same economic effect as a compulsory transfer of beneficiary C’s interest to beneficiaries A and B, in exchange for money. But it does not follow from the fact that one type of transaction lies outside the functions of a trustee that another type of transaction must do so as well, merely because it has broadly the same economic effect. A sale of the trust property to particular beneficiaries is merely one example of the trustees’ undoubted power of sale. It occurs, for example, wherever trustees sell in the open market, and a beneficiary is the successful bidder.

[21] As for the second and third submissions, I shall assume for the purposes of argument rather than by way of decision that the two principles relied upon by Mr. Woodhouse may constitute what are referred to in section 6(6) as rules of equity although, with respect to the parliamentary draftsman, I would regard equity as laying down principles rather than rigid rules. But the purpose of section 6(6) is not to define the extent of the trustees’ powers or even functions, but rather to prohibit the trustees from exercising them in certain ways. It is in marked contrast with the effect of section 14(2), by which the court is given the widest discretion to make orders relating to the exercise by the trustees of any of their functions, having regard in particular to the non-exclusive list of the matters to which the court is to have regard, set out in section 15(1) and (3). If, for example, it was intended that the court should be constrained by an overriding requirement that the trustees obtain the best price for the land, it might be thought surprising that this requirement was not included in section 15(1) or (3), even as a relevant rather than decisive matter.

[22] Mr. Woodhouse submitted that one consequence of his two supposed rules of equity was that a trustee could not be directed by the court to grant a right of pre-emption to a particular beneficiary which was, he said, the substantive effect of the Judge’s Order, in favour of Mr. Hafiz. He was asked what would be the consequence, having regard to section 15(1)(a), of the existence of a letter of wishes from the person creating the trust setting out his desire that, before any sale, a named beneficiary should be granted such a right of pre-emption. He was forced to submit that the court would be obliged to ignore it.

[23] More generally, I consider that the clear object and effect of sections 14 and 15 is to confer upon the court a substantially wider discretion, exercised upon the basis of wider considerations, than might be enjoyed by the trustees themselves, acting without either the consent of their beneficiaries or an order of the court. For example, section 15(1)(c) requires the court to consider the welfare of a minor in occupation of the trust property as his home, whether or not that minor is a beneficiary of the trust. Section 15(1)(d) requires the court to have regard to the interests of secured creditors (rather than merely to respect their strict legal rights). As I have illustrated, section 15(1)(a) may bring into play the intention of the person who created the trust that benefits be conferred upon particular beneficiaries. All this departs from the general rule of equity which requires the trustees single-mindedly to advance the interests of the beneficiaries as a class, without preferring some of them over others.

[24] None of this means, of course, that the court will act unfairly, unjustly or capriciously as between beneficiaries in giving directions to trustees under section 14(2). It simply demonstrates that, in exercising its powers in circumstances where, necessarily, the beneficiaries will be in dispute with each other about what should be done with the trust property, the court is not rigidly constrained by those rules of equity which may, pursuant to section 6(6), constrain the trustees themselves.

[25] This is not surprising. In general the use and disposal of land held upon a trust of land (which applies to all kinds of co-ownership) will be determined by the unanimous consent and direction of the beneficiaries. This has been the position for many years: see Saunders v Vautier (1841) 4 Beav 115, which established that beneficiaries of full age and sound mind acting unanimously may direct how the trust property is to be dealt with. The court’s powers are there to enable the property to be dealt with justly and effectively when that basis of consent breaks down. That is why section 14(2) permits the court to relieve the trustees from obtaining consents, and why section 15(3) requires the court to have regard to (but not to be bound by) the wishes of a majority of the beneficiaries in the event of a dispute between them.

[26] In the present case, the Judge’s Order was that there should be a sale of the trust property, preceded by the conferring upon Mr. Hafiz, one of the beneficiaries, of an opportunity to be the purchaser, should he within the stated time pay the amount determined by a valuation of the property by the court. I consider that the Order made by the Judge fell squarely within her jurisdiction under section 14(2)(a) of TOLATA.

Discretion

[27] There remains the alternative ground of Mr. Hai’s appeal that the Order made was not a proper exercise of the Judge’s discretion. In this respect, Mr. Woodhouse made the following points:


[28] The starting point for the evaluation of these submissions is that, on an appeal, this Court is concerned not with the question whether, in its view, the Judge reached the right solution, but whether her Order fell within the broad confines of the statutory discretion conferred upon the court. For that purpose the burden lies on Mr. Hai to show either that she took into account irrelevant matters, omitted to consider relevant matters, or that her decision was one which could not reasonably flow from an appropriate analysis of the relevant considerations.

[29] Viewed in that way, I consider that the Judge’s Order is unchallengeable. I acknowledge at once that it is an unusual form of order and that, in many similar cases, the court has ordered a sale of the trust property, with liberty to all beneficiaries to bid, thereby maximising the prospects of the achievement of best value. The Judge was plainly aware of this, as her references to the analysis of Mr. Ivory QC in the Rahnema case demonstrates: see paragraphs 23 and 24 of her Judgment.

[30] She carefully analysed the intentions of the persons creating the trust, and the purposes for which the trust had been created, namely to secure the continued availability of the property as a home for Mrs. Bagum, Mr. Hafiz and their families, and to secure a financial interest in the property for Mr. Hai, whose impending departure with his family was by then already known: see paragraphs 4, 15, 20 and 22. She carefully considered the different interests of each of the beneficiaries, and set out their differing wishes in relation to the future disposition of the Property.

[31] Mr. Woodhouse took the Judge to task for having treated Mr. Hai as wishing that the property be sold. This was indeed her understanding since, at paragraph 17, she said:“All sides agree that there should be an order for sale.”In that respect she was in my view entitled to rely upon Mr. Hai’s Defence, the relevant part of which I already have quoted.

[32] It is plain that the Judge recognised that Mr. Hai did not wish to be bought out by his mother and his brother, and she took into account his concern about the risk that a sale to Mr. Hafiz at a valuation by the court might not achieve the highest price. Nonetheless, she was entitled to conclude that the fact that the Property was one of a number of similar properties in Copenhagen Street, Islington, meant that the risk of an undervaluation by an expert was low, due to the large number of available comparables: see paragraph 24.

[33] All in all, I consider that the Judge provided clear and cogent reasons, firmly grounded in the mainly uncontentious facts, for her conclusion that the Order which she made was best calculated to serve the differing interests of all the beneficiaries. In particular, her Order was calculated to minimise the risks that the interests of Mrs. Bagum and Mr. Hafiz and their families in continued occupation, and the interests of Mr. Hai in obtaining a payment representing the proper value of his interest, might be materially compromised.

[34] For those reasons, I would dismiss this appeal.

Lord Justice Bean

[35] I agree.

The Master of the Rolls

[36] I also agree.